Strategic control of combustion-induced ammonia emissions: A key initiative for substantial PM2.5 reduction in Tianjin, North China Plain.

Information on the temporal and spatial variations in the sources of ammonium salts (NH4+), a crucial alkaline component in PM2.5, is limited. Here, we simultaneously collected PM2.5 and gaseous ammonia (NH3) samples in both summer and winter from two sites in Tianjin: an urban site (Tianjin University, TJU) and a suburban site (Binhai New-region, BH). NH3 concentrations, the contents of major water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5, and the compositions of ammonium­nitrogen isotopes (δ15N-NH4+) were measured. As a result, (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 were the predominant forms of NH4+ in PM2.5 during summer and winter, respectively. However, the NH4NO3 concentrations were notably greater at TJU (6.2 ± 7.3 µg m-3) than at BH (3.8 ± 4.7 µg m-3) in summer, with no regional differences observed in winter. Both sites displayed almost half the contribution of c-NH3 (combustion-related NH3) to NH4+, differing from the finding of previous isotope-based studies. This discrepancy could be attributed to the combined effects of NHx isotope fractionation and seasonal δ15N value variations in NH3 sources. The contribution fractions of v-NH3 (volatile NH3) and c-NH3 exhibited similar patterns at both sites seasonally, probably caused by coal combustion for heating in winter and temperature fluctuations. However, the contribution fraction of c-NH3 was lower at BH than at TJU in summer but greater in winter than at TJU. In summer, NH4NO3 was unstable and limited its delivery to TJU from BH, and the high contribution of c-NH3 to NH4+ at TJU could be attributed to local vehicle emissions. In winter, the stable particulate NH4NO3 that formed from the c-NH3 in the upwind area could be transported to the downwind area, increasing the NH4+ concentration at BH. Our study provides valuable insights for devising emission mitigation strategies to alleviate the increasing burden of NH3 in the local atmosphere.

Analysis of the fatigue status of medical security personnel during the closed-loop period using multiple machine learning methods: a case study of the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games.

Using machine learning methods to analyze the fatigue status of medical security personnel and the factors influencing fatigue (such as BMI, gender, and wearing protective clothing working hours), with the goal of identifying the key factors contributing to fatigue. By validating the predicted outcomes, actionable and practical recommendations can be offered to enhance fatigue status, such as reducing wearing protective clothing working hours. A questionnaire was designed to assess the fatigue status of medical security personnel during the closed-loop period, aiming to capture information on fatigue experienced during work and disease recovery. The collected data was then preprocessed and used to determine the structural parameters for each machine learning algorithm. To evaluate the prediction performance of different models, the mean relative error (MRE) and goodness of fit (R2) between the true and predicted values were calculated. Furthermore, the importance rankings of various parameters in relation to fatigue status were determined using the RF feature importance analysis method. The fatigue status of medical security personnel during the closed-loop period was analyzed using multiple machine learning methods. The prediction performance of these methods was ranked from highest to lowest as follows: Gradient Boosting Regression (GBM) > Random Forest (RF) > Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) > K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) > Support Vector Regression (SVR). Among these algorithms, four out of the five achieved good prediction results, with the GBM method performing the best. The five most critical parameters influencing fatigue status were identified as working hours in protective clothing, a customized symptom and disease score (CSDS), physical exercise, body mass index (BMI), and age, all of which had importance scores exceeding 0.06. Notably, working hours in protective clothing obtained the highest importance score of 0.54, making it the most critical factor impacting fatigue status. Fatigue is a prevalent and pressing issue among medical security personnel operating in closed-loop environments. In our investigation, we observed that the GBM method exhibited superior predictive performance in determining the fatigue status of medical security personnel during the closed-loop period, surpassing other machine learning techniques. Notably, our analysis identified several critical factors influencing the fatigue status of medical security personnel, including the duration of working hours in protective clothing, CSDS, and engagement in physical exercise. These findings shed light on the multifaceted nature of fatigue among healthcare workers and emphasize the importance of considering various contributing factors. To effectively alleviate fatigue, prudent management of working hours for security personnel, along with minimizing the duration of wearing protective clothing, proves to be promising strategies. Furthermore, promoting regular physical exercise among medical security personnel can significantly impact fatigue reduction. Additionally, the exploration of medication interventions and the adoption of innovative protective clothing options present potential avenues for mitigating fatigue. The insights derived from this study offer valuable guidance to management personnel involved in organizing large-scale events, enabling them to make informed decisions and implement targeted interventions to address fatigue among medical security personnel. In our upcoming research, we will further expand the fatigue dataset while considering higher precisionprediction algorithms, such as XGBoost model, ensemble model, etc., and explore their potential contributions to our research.

Multi-organ developmental toxicity and its characteristics in fetal mice induced by dexamethasone at different doses, stages, and courses during pregnancy.

Dexamethasone is widely used in pregnant women at risk of preterm birth to reduce the occurrence of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and subsequently reduce neonatal mortality. Studies have suggested that dexamethasone has developmental toxicity, but there is a notable absence of systematic investigations about its characteristics. In this study, we examined the effects of prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) on mother/fetal mice at different doses (0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg/kg b.i.d), stages (gestational day 14-15 or 16-17) and courses (single- or double-course) based on the clinical practice. Results showed that PDE increased intrauterine growth retardation rate, and disordered the serum glucose, lipid and cholesterol metabolic phenotypes, and sex hormone level of mother/fetal mice. PDE was further discovered to interfere with the development of fetal lung, hippocampus and bone, inhibits steroid synthesis in adrenal and testis, and promotes steroid synthesis in the ovary and lipid synthesis in the liver, with significant effects observed at high dose, early stage and double course. The order of severity might be: ovary > lung > hippocampus/bone > others. Correlation analysis revealed that the decreased serum corticosterone and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels were closely related to PDE-induced low birth weight and abnormal multi-organ development in offspring. In conclusion, this study systematically confirmed PDE-induced multi-organ developmental toxicity, elucidated its characteristics, and proposed the potential "glucocorticoid (GC)-IGF1" axis programming mechanism. This research provided an experimental foundation for a comprehensive understanding of the effect and characteristics of dexamethasone on fetal multi-organ development, thereby guiding the application of "precision medicine" during pregnancy.

A degressive quantum convolutional neural network for quantum state classification and code recognition.

With the rapid development of quantum computing, a variety of quantum convolutional neural networks (QCNNs) are proposed. However, only 1/2n2 features of an n-qubits input are transferred to the next layer in a quantum pooling layer, which results in the accuracy reduction. To solve this problem, a QCNN with a degressive circuit is proposed. In order to enhance the ability of extracting global features, we remove the parameters sharing strategy in the quantum convolutional layer and design a quantum convolutional kernel with global eyesight. In addition, to prevent a sharp feature reduction, a degressive parameterized quantum circuit is adopted to construct the pooling layer. Then the Z-basis measurement is only performed on the first qubit to control the operations on other qubits. Compared with the state-of-the-art QCNN, i.e., hybrid quantum-classical convolutional neural network, the accuracy of our model increased by 0.9%, 1%, and 3%, respectively, in three tasks: quantum state classification, binary code recognition, and quaternary code recognition.

Maternal resveratrol improves the intestinal health and weight gain of suckling piglets during high summer temperatures: The involvement of exosome-derived microRNAs and immunoglobin in colostrum.

Previous studies have shown that maternal resveratrol improved growth performance and altered the microbial composition of suckling piglets under hot summer conditions. However, it remains unclear how maternal resveratrol improves growth performance of suckling piglets during high summer temperatures. A total of 20 sows (Landrace × Large White; three parity) were randomly assigned to 2 groups (with or without 300 mg/kg resveratrol) from d 75 of gestation to d 21 of lactation during high ambient temperatures (from 27 to 30 °C). The results showed that maternal resveratrol supplementation increased total daily weight gain of piglets under hot summer conditions, which is consistent with previous studies. Furthermore, we found that maternal resveratrol improved the intestinal morphology and intestinal epithelial proliferation in suckling piglets. Dietary resveratrol supplementation affected the characteristics of exosome-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) in sow colostrum, as well as the genes targeted by differentially produced miRNAs. MiRNAs are concentrated in the tight junction pathway. As a result, the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins was increased in suckling piglets (P < 0.05). Notably, maternal resveratrol increased the intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels of suckling piglets via colostrum immunoglobin (P < 0.05), which could increase the abundance of beneficial microbiota to further increase the concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in suckling piglets' intestine (P < 0.05). Finally, our correlation analysis further demonstrated the positive associations between significantly differential intestinal microbiota, intestinal sIgA production and SCFA concentrations, as well as the positive relation between total daily weight gain and intestinal health of suckling piglets. Taken together, our findings suggested that maternal resveratrol could promote intestinal health to improve piglet growth during high summer temperatures, which might be associated with the immunoglobin and exosome-derived miRNAs in sows' colostrum.

Treatment with glatiramer acetate in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice at an early stage of Alzheimer's disease prior to amyloid-beta deposition delays the disease's pathological development and ameliorates cognitive decline.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neuroinflammation, which is frequently accompanied by immune system dysfunction. Although the mechanism of neurodegenerative lesions is unclear, various clinical trials have highlighted that early intervention in AD is crucial to the success of treatment. In order to explore the potential of immunotherapy in the early period of AD, the present study evaluated whether application of glatiramer acetate (GA), an immunomodulatory agent approved for remitting-relapsing multiple sclerosis (RRMS), in the early stages of AD prior to amyloid beta (Aß) deposition altered the Aß pathology and cognitive impairments in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice. Methods: We treated two cohorts of pre-depositing and amyloid-depositing (2- and 6-month-old) APP/PS1 mice with weekly-GA subcutaneous injection over a 12-week period. We then tested spatial learning and memory using the Morris water maze (MWM) and the Y maze. Immunohistochemistry staining was utilized to analyze Aß burden in the brain as well as activated microglia. Furthermore, the inflammatory cytokine milieu within brains was estimated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the peripheral CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the spleen were measured by flow cytometry. Results: We found that early GA administration reduced Aß burden and ameliorated cognitive decline. Meanwhile, the immune microenvironment had changed in the brain, with an increase in the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and a decrease in microglial activation. Interestingly, early GA administration also modulated the peripheral immune system through the amplification of Tregs in the spleen. Conclusion: Overall, our findings revealed that GA treatment might enhance the central and peripheral immune systems' protective capabilities in the early stages of AD, eventually improving cognitive deficits. Our research supports the advantages of immunomodulatory treatments for AD at an early stage.

A flexible pH sensor based on polyaniline@oily polyurethane/polypropylene spunbonded nonwoven fabric.

To fabricate a two-electrode flexible pH sensor based on polypropylene spunbonded nonwoven fabric (PP SF), oily polyurethane (OPU) was first coated on the surface of PP SF to obtain OPU/PP SF. Then, silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) paste, used as the reference electrode and conductive carbon (C) paste were transferred to the OPU/PP SF surface through screen printing. Polyaniline (PANI) was deposited on the surface of the C paste to form a sensing working electrode via the electro-chemical deposition method. The results showed that the surface of the obtained PANI@OPU/PP SF flexible pH sensor (3D PANI pH sensor) presented a three-dimensional (3D) porous network structure. The 3D PANI pH sensor had good mechanical properties, an excellent Nernst response (-67.67 mV pH-1) and linearity (R2 = 0.99) in the pH range from 2.00 to 8.00 in the normal state. In the bent state, the 3D PANI pH sensor retained similar sensitivity (-68.87 mV pH-1) and linearity (R2 = 0.99). Moreover, the 3D PANI pH sensor exhibited a short response time (8 s), excellent reversibility (1.20 mV), low temperature drift (-0.0872 mV pH-1 °C-1) and long-term stability (0.83 mV h-1) in the normal state. Furthermore, the 3D PANI pH sensor can be effectively applied for pH monitoring of liquids and fruits with irregular curved surfaces. The error margin is no more than 0.16 compared to a commercial pH meter.

Increased monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells in type 2 diabetes correlate with hyperglycemic and was a risk factor of infection and tumor occurrence.

To investigate the frequency of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and explore the potential associations between M-MDSCs, glycemic control, and the occurrence of infections and tumor. 102 healthy and 77 T2DM individuals were enrolled. We assessed the M-MDSCs frequency, levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and other relevant indicators. Each patient underwent a follow-up of at least 6 months after M-MDSCs detection. The M-MDSCs frequency was significantly higher in patients with poor glycemic control (PGC) compared to the healthy population (P < 0.001), whereas there was no significant difference between patients with good glycemic control and the healthy (P > 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the M-MDSCs frequency and FPG, HbA1c (R = 0.517 and 0.315, P < 0.001, respectively). T2DM patients with abnormally increased M-MDSCs have a higher incidence of infection and tumor (48.57% and 11.43% respectively). Our results shed new light on the pathogenesis of T2DM, help to understand why T2DM patients are susceptible to infection and tumor and providing novel insights for future prevention and treatment of T2DM.

CD14-CD10-CD45+HLA-DR-SSC+ neutrophils may be granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell-like cells and relate to disease progression in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients.

We explored the frequency of CD14-CD10-CD45+HLA-DR-SSC++ neutrophils (CD10- neutrophils) in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and their immunologic characteristics and clinical significance. Patients with NHL who were newly diagnosed (NDP; n = 33), in remission (RMP; n = 28) and relapsed (RLP; n = 29) were included, and 47 volunteers were recruited as healthy controls (HCs). The frequency of CD10- neutrophils in the peripheral blood from HC and patients with NHL was detected. CD10- and CD10+ neutrophils were sorted, and their cytology was analyzed. CD3+ T cells were also isolated and cultured with the autologous CD10- or CD10+ neutrophils, after which the proliferation and death rates of T cells were determined. The levels of arginase-1 (Arg-1) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in CD10+ or CD10- neutrophils were examined. Few CD10- neutrophils were detected in HCs but were significantly elevated in patients with NHL, especially in NDP and RLP. In addition, CD10- neutrophils in NDP with advanced stage and high risk were markedly higher than those in NDP with limited stage and low risk. In RMP and RLP, the relapse-free survival and overall survival in patients with high CD10- neutrophils were shorter than those with low CD10- neutrophils. CD10- neutrophils from patients with NHL, which mainly consist of immature neutrophils, inhibit T-cell proliferation and facilitate T-cell death. Furthermore, a significant increase was observed in Arg-1 expression, along with an increase to a certain extent in ROS. CD10- neutrophils in patients with NHL have characteristics of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and may be related to disease progression and poor prognosis.

Recent Progress on Tumor Microenvironment-Activated NIR-II Phototheranostic Agents with Simultaneous Activation for Diagnosis and Treatment.

Malignant tumors seriously threaten human life and well-being. Emerging Near-infrared II (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) phototheranostic nanotechnology integrates diagnostic and treatment modalities, offering merits including improved tissue penetration and enhanced spatiotemporal resolution. This remarkable progress has opened promising avenues for advancing tumor theranostic research. The tumor microenvironment (TME) differs from normal tissues, exhibiting distinct attributes such as hypoxia, acidosis, overexpressed hydrogen peroxide, excess glutathione, and other factors. Capitalizing on these attributes, researchers have developed TME-activatable NIR-II phototheranostic agents with diagnostic and therapeutic attributes concurrently. Therefore, developing TME-activatable NIR-II phototheranostic agents with diagnostic and therapeutic activation holds significant research importance. Currently, research on TME-activatable NIR-II phototheranostic agents is still in its preliminary stages. This review examines the recent advances in developing dual-functional NIR-II activatable phototheranostic agents over the past years. It systematically presents NIR-II phototheranostic agents activated by various TME factors such as acidity (pH), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), glutathione (GSH), hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), enzymes, and their hybrid. This encompasses NIR-II fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging diagnostics, along with therapeutic modalities, including photothermal, photodynamic, chemodynamic, and gas therapies triggered by these TME factors. Lastly, the difficulties and opportunities confronting NIR-II activatable phototheranostic agents in the simultaneous diagnosis and treatment field are highlighted.

Accurate models and nutritional strategies for specific oxidative stress factors: Does the dose matter in swine production?

Oxidative stress has been associated with a number of physiological problems in swine, including reduced production efficiency. Recently, although there has been increased research into regulatory mechanisms and antioxidant strategies in relation to oxidative stress-induced pig production, it remains so far largely unsuccessful to develop accurate models and nutritional strategies for specific oxidative stress factors. Here, we discuss the dose and dose intensity of the causes of oxidative stress involving physiological, environmental and dietary factors, recent research models and the antioxidant strategies to provide theoretical guidance for future oxidative stress research in swine.

Food-Borne Poisoning Accident from Amanitin Toxin in Wild Mushrooms - Xingtai City, Hebei Province, China, 2023.

What is already known about this topic?: Fatal poisonings caused by wild mushrooms containing amanita toxins pose a significant threat in the southern regions of China. These toxins primarily induce gastrointestinal symptoms initially, which are then followed by potentially life-threatening acute liver damage. What is added by this report?: This report contributes to the existing knowledge on these cases of poisoning by documenting the second occurrences in Hebei Province and the first occurrences in Xingtai City. Five individuals reported consuming wild mushrooms from the same origin, and laboratory tests confirmed the presence of α-amanitin in their blood samples. What are the implications for public health practice?: This underscores the risk associated with the collection and consumption of amanita toxin-containing mushrooms in Hebei. It is important to note that the identification of toxic and non-toxic mushrooms should not solely rely on personal experience or appearance.

SRRM2 may be a potential biomarker and immunotherapy target for multiple myeloma: a real-world study based on flow cytometry detection.

Serine/arginine repetitive matrix 2 (SRRM2) has been implicated in tumorigenesis, cancer development, and drug resistance through aberrant splicing; however, its correlation with multiple myeloma (MM) has not been reported. We investigated the potential of SRRM2 as a biomarker and immunotherapeutic target in MM by examining its expression in MM cells using flow cytometry. Our study included 95 patients with plasma cell disease, including 80 MM cases, and we detected SRRM2 expression on plasma cells and normal blood cells to analyze its relationship with clinical profiles. We found widespread positive expression of SRRM2 on plasma cells with little expression on normal blood cells, and its expression on abnormal plasma cells was higher than that on normal plasma cells. Comparative analysis with clinical data suggests that SRRM2 expression on plasma cells correlates with MM treatment response. MM patients with high SRRM2 expression had higher levels of serum ß2-mg and LDH, ISS staging, and plasma cell infiltration, as well as high-risk mSMART 3.0 stratification and cytogenetic abnormalities, particularly 1q21 amplification. In patients with previous MM, high SRRM2 expression on plasma cells was associated with higher plasma cell infiltration, high-risk mSMART 3.0 risk stratification, cytogenetic abnormalities, more relapses, and fewer autologous stem cell transplant treatments. In summary, SRRM2 may serve as a novel biomarker and immunotherapeutic target for MM. Its expression level on plasma cells can help in risk stratification of MM and monitoring of treatment response.

Dexamethasone exposure during pregnancy triggers metabolic syndrome in offspring via epigenetic alteration of IGF1.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has reported that prenatal exposure to dexamethasone (PDE) results in organ dysplasia and increased disease susceptibility in offspring. This study aimed to investigate the epigenetic mechanism of metabolic syndrome induced by PDE in offspring. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats were administered dexamethasone, and their offspring's serum and liver tissues were analyzed. The hepatocyte differentiation model was established to unveil the molecular mechanism. Neonatal cord blood samples were collected to validate the phenomenon and mechanism. RESULTS: The findings demonstrated that PDE leads to insulin resistance and typical metabolic syndrome traits in adult offspring rats, which originated from fetal liver dysplasia. Additionally, PDE reduced serum corticosterone level and inhibited hepatic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling in fetal rats. It further revealed that liver dysplasia and functional impairment induced by PDE persist after birth, driven by the continuous downregulation of serum corticosterone and hepatic IGF1 signaling. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that low endogenous corticosterone reduces the histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K27ac) level of IGF1 and its expression by blocking glucocorticoid receptor α, special protein 1, and P300 into the nucleus, resulting in hepatocyte differentiation inhibition and liver dysplasia. Intriguingly, neonatal cord blood samples validated the link between reduced liver function in neonates induced by PDE and decreased serum cortisol and IGF1 levels. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that low endogenous glucocorticoid level under PDE lead to liver dysplasia by downregulating the H3K27ac level of IGF1 and its expression, ultimately contributing to metabolic syndrome in adult offspring.

Exploring the potential of histone demethylase inhibition in multi-therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment.

Histone demethylases play a critical role in gene transcription regulation and have been implicated in cancer. Numerous reports have highlighted the overexpression of histone demethylases, such as LSD1 and JmjC, in various malignant tumor tissues, identifying them as effective therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Despite many histone demethylase inhibitors entering clinical trials, their clinical efficacy has been limited. Therefore, combination therapies based on histone demethylase inhibitors, along with other modulators like dual-acting inhibitors, have gained significant attention and made notable progress in recent years. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in drug discovery targeting histone demethylases, focusing specifically on drug combination therapy and histone demethylases-targeting dual inhibitors. We discuss the rational design, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical status of these approaches. Additionally, we summarize the co-crystal structures of LSD1 inhibitors and their target proteins as well as describe the corresponding binding interactions. Finally, we also provided the challenges and future directions for utilizing histone demethylases in cancer therapy, such as PROTACs and molecular glue etc.

Poor efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis in de Winter pattern: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Majority of patients with acute coronary syndrome can be quickly identified by electrocardiogram, but there are still 30% of patients with acute coronary artery lesions that cannot be recognized by electrocardiogram in time, resulting in delayed treatment. PATIENT CONCERNS: Due to its special manifestations, de Winter syndrome is easily ignored by clinicians. DIAGNOSIS: In this article we report a case of de Winter syndrome with poor thrombolytic effect to explore the optimal emergency management strategy for this patient. INTERVENTIONS: The patient underwent remedial percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) immediately after diagnosis. OUTCOMES: Patients recover well after PCI. CONCLUSION: de Winter syndrome is a strong indication of severe coronary artery disease, requiring rapid identification and opening of coronary vessels to restore blood flow. For patients admitted to hospitals with PCI capacity or transferred primary PCI <2 hours, primary PCI should be performed as soon as possible. Thrombolysis can still be considered for patients first diagnosed in non-PCI institutions with transport time >2 hours, but its efficacy remains to be discussed and further verified.

Structure of the siphophage neck-Tail complex suggests that conserved tail tip proteins facilitate receptor binding and tail assembly.

Siphophages have a long, flexible, and noncontractile tail that connects to the capsid through a neck. The phage tail is essential for host cell recognition and virus-host cell interactions; moreover, it serves as a channel for genome delivery during infection. However, the in situ high-resolution structure of the neck-tail complex of siphophages remains unknown. Here, we present the structure of the siphophage lambda "wild type," the most widely used, laboratory-adapted fiberless mutant. The neck-tail complex comprises a channel formed by stacked 12-fold and hexameric rings and a 3-fold symmetrical tip. The interactions among DNA and a total of 246 tail protein molecules forming the tail and neck have been characterized. Structural comparisons of the tail tips, the most diversified region across the lambda and other long-tailed phages or tail-like machines, suggest that their tail tip contains conserved domains, which facilitate tail assembly, receptor binding, cell adsorption, and DNA retaining/releasing. These domains are distributed in different tail tip proteins in different phages or tail-like machines. The side tail fibers are not required for the phage particle to orient itself vertically to the surface of the host cell during attachment.

Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive One-for-All Molecular-Engineered Nanoplatform Enables NIR-II Fluorescence Imaging-Guided Combinational Cancer Therapy.

The activable NIR-based phototheranostic nanoplatform (NP) is considered an efficient and reliable tumor treatment due to its strong targeting ability, flexible controllability, minimal side effects, and ideal therapeutic effect. This work describes the rational design of a second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging-guided organic phototheranostic NP (FTEP-TBFc NP). The molecular-engineered phototheranostic NP has a sensitive response to glutathione (GSH), generating hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas, and delivering ferrocene molecules in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Under 808 nm irradiation, FTEP-TBFc could not only simultaneously generate fluorescence, heat, and singlet oxygen but also greatly enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species to improve chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) at a biosafe laser power of 0.33 W/cm2. H2S inhibits the activity of catalase and cytochrome c oxidase (COX IV) to cause the enhancement of CDT and hypothermal photothermal therapy (HPTT). Moreover, the decreased intracellular GSH concentration further increases CDT's efficacy and downregulates glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) for the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides, thus causing the ferroptosis process. Collectively, FTEP-TBFc NPs show great potential as a versatile and efficient NP for specific tumor imaging-guided multimodal cancer therapy. This unique strategy provides new perspectives and methods for designing and applying activable biomedical phototheranostics.